Paradoxical exploitation of protected fishes as bait for anglers: evaluating the Lamprey bait market in Europe and developing sustainable and ethical solutions.

However, there was a highly significant association between the perceived ‘replaceability’ of lamprey (replaceable/irreplaceable) and the impact of lamprey unavailability on their business ( X 2 = 22.16, d.f. = 2, P <0.001), with a significant number of respondents who claimed lamprey are an irreplaceable bait stating they would be impacted by lamprey unavailability (partial X 2 = 16.20; Fig. 5a ).

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