Alternative hypotheses to explain why biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships are concave-up in some natural ecosystems but concave-down in manipulative experiments.

But additional statistical analyses conducted on deep-sea nematodes and coral reef fishes revealed that the concave-up BEF relationships found in the above studies were still highly significant even after controlling for the effects of potential confounding environmental factors such as depth, food supply and other variables, either independently or simultaneously 12 13 .

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