Timing of the departure of ocean biogeochemical cycles from the preindustrial state.

It is not the presence of a positive trend that is diagnostic, but the absence of counter-trends over shorter periods.

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The time of emergence in an individual realization would depend strongly on internal variability, because natural variability superimposed on an overall trend will tend to produce periods where the record is flat or has a weak counter-trend (similar to the recent “warming hiatus”, cf.

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