65 Calcium supplementation in pregnant women increases birthweight by 85 g (95% CI 37–133) compared with controls, 66 and three trials of vitamin D in pregnancy showed a borderline significant effect on low birthweight (relative risk 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–1.01). 67 Various human and animal studies have shown that maternal diet can mediate epigenetic changes in the fetus. 68 – 70 In a Gambian trial of multiple micronutrient supplementation during the peri-conception period, epigenetic changes
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