Among the five questions, the differences were statistically significant in four questions: t 1 (120) = − 4.311, p 1 < 0.01, d 1 = 0.78; t 2 (120) = −3.976, p 2 < 0.01, d 2 = 0.72; t 3 (120) = −2.427, p 3 < 0.05, d 3 = 0.44; t 4 (120) = − 3.690, p 4 < 0.01, d 4 = 0.67, and marginally significant in one question: t 5 (120) = − 1.769, p 5 = 0.079, d 5 = 0.32, which is because of the ceiling effect: time horizon in the fifth question is so long.
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