Cheaper is not always worse: strongly protective isolates of a defensive symbiont are less costly to the aphid host.

defensa isolates depended on the parasitoid genotype, as indicated by the highly significant interaction between parasitoid line and aphid subline/symbiont isolate ( table 1 a and figure 1 b ).

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Pooling symbionts into their respective haplotypes in the analysis yielded qualitatively similar results, though the interaction between aphid genotype and parasitoid line became marginally significant when considering only Hamiltonella -infected sublines (table 1 b ).

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