Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe.

Prevention of the well-described vitamin D deficiency disorders of rickets and osteomalacia are clearly important, but there may also be an implication of low vitamin D status in bone loss, muscle weakness and falls and fragility fractures in older people, and these are highly significant public health issues in terms of morbidity, quality of life and costs to health services in Europe.

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Some of the differences in reference values (see Table 7 ) reflect a notable trend for vitamin D reference intakes to be increased following publication of IOM's report (IOM 2011 ), assuming no or minimum sun exposure, as has occurred for DACH (German Nutrition Society 2012 ) and the Nordic countries (Nordic Council of Ministers 2014 ).

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There are a number of small molecular structural differences that may be significant, yet Holick et al .

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