Deletion of KIBRA, protein expressed in kidney and brain, increases filopodial-like long dendritic spines in neocortical and hippocampal neurons in vivo and in vitro.

Confirming the tendency suspected in Golgi-impregnation of neocortical brain tissue, we observed in vitro a barely significant decrease in the density of more mature, mushroom spines (Mann-Whitney analysis: median density of WT = 2.18 and KO = 1.52, U-value = 39, n WT = 12 neurons/3 cultures, n KO = 13/3; P = 0.0344) (Figure 6H ), explaining the unchanged total number of spinous protrusions.

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