The 'Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure' (MACE) scale for the retrospective assessment of abuse and neglect during development.

For example, witnessing violence toward siblings on the MACE showed a highly significant association with DES scores (β = 2.02, t = 4.75 p < 10 -5 ), whereas witnessing interparental violence did not (β = 0.60, t = 1.44, p = 0.15) and experiencing physical abuse had only a marginal association (β = 0.85, t = 1.83, p < 0.07).

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