Hantaan virus infection induces both Th1 and ThGranzyme B+ cell immune responses that associated with viral control and clinical outcome in humans.

The further analysis revealed highly significant associations between the higher frequencies of IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells or granzyme B + CD4 + T cells and lower HTNV RNA load in the acute phase of the HFRS ( P = 0.022, r = −0.510 for IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells and P = 0.044, r = −0.456 for granzyme B + CD4 + T cells) ( Fig 5B ), indicating that higher levels of activated CD4 + T cells against HTNV-Gn/Gc during the initial phase of HFRS mediate the better control of HTNV viremia.

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