Childhood conscientiousness predicts the social gradient of smoking in adulthood: a life course analysis.

J Epidemiol Community Health · 2015 · PMC4392191 · PMID 25784712

Europe PMC DOI

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highly significantno p-value reported

41 42 Finally, the effect of childhood conscientiousness on adult smoking was not only highly significant but also explained an additional 5.0% of the social gradient independent of all other variables.

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