Refining dosing by oral gavage in the dog: a protocol to harmonise welfare.

J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods · 2015 · PMC4407634 · PMID 25575806

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highly significantno p-value reported

Results were considered to be significant at p < 0.05 and highly significant at p < 0.001. 2.9.

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marginally non-significantno p-value reported

Although between-group differences over time did not reach significance, RP group had significantly lower scores overall than ShD group, with the difference being marginally non-significant with control group.

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may be significantno p-value reported

We estimate that most laboratory-housed dogs which are subject to regulated procedures will experience oral gavage, and the potential impact of oral gavage on welfare may be significant given the regularity of its use.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.