Anthropogenic and natural drivers of gene flow in a temperate wild fruit tree: a basis for conservation and breeding programs in apples.

On average, gene diversity was high across sites and across markers [ H E = 0.79 ± 0.07 (min–max: 0.57–0.89)] and F IS values were low [ F IS = 0.10 ± 0.06 (0–0.21)], although there was a highly significant species-wide heterozygote deficit compared to Hardy–Weinberg expectations ( P < 0.001).

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