Winter warming delays dormancy release, advances budburst, alters carbohydrate metabolism and reduces yield in a temperate shrub.

In both cultivars at ambient temperature and ‘Titania’ at elevated temperatures, concentrations of raffinose were highly correlated with stem cold hardiness ( r = −0.84* in ‘Titania’ at ambient temperature, r = −0.89* in ‘Titania’ at elevated temperature and r = −0.80* in ‘Narve Viking’ at ambient temperature), whereas in ‘Narve Viking’ at elevated temperature the correlation was not quite significant ( r = −0.71).

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