highly significantp < 0.001
For the language tasks, the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test demonstrated a highly significant effect of group, F (2, 54) = 34.829, p < 0.001, and this was driven by all three groups being significantly different from one another: non-native signer < native signer, p = 0.029, non-native signer < hearing, p = 0.001, and native signer < hearing, p = 0.009.