Flower evolution of alpine forbs in the open top chambers (OTCs) from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

However, for the number of pollen grains, we found that there was a decreasing trend for the four annual plants and an increasing trend for the perennial plants ( Fig. 1A ), suggesting that the variations in P/O ratio of plants could be resultant from changes in the number of pollen grains, and indicating that resource allocation to male functions of plant species were more susceptible to environmental changes 23 .

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In the OTCs, P/O ratio decreased in annuals, but increased in perennials, indicating an overall trend toward selfing in annuals.

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