The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on symptom burden, positive psychological outcomes, and biomarkers in cancer patients.

77 Associations between MBIs and improvements in sleep have not always been significant relative to active treatment and waitlist comparison groups, 70 , 76 , 77 , 79 and some findings may not be significant after correction for potential type I error. 16 , 77 It is possible that more robust results would be observed if patients were selected for pre-existing sleep difficulty, given that most trials have not involved the a priori decision to target sleep, but rather included sleep-related measures as ancillary outcomes of larger RCTs. 14 , 16 , 20 , 76 – 78 A notable exception is the recent study by Garland et al, 70 in which all patients were required to meet research and diagnostic criteria for insomnia.

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