Testosterone is associated with cooperation during intergroup competition by enhancing parochial altruism.

A 4 (team: ingroup, neutral outgroup, unknown outgroup, antagonistic outgroup) × 2 (context: neutral session, competition) repeated-measures ANOVA revealed highly significant effects for context [ F (1, 48) = 12.69, p = 0.001, η 2 p = 0.21] and team [ F (3, 144) = 85.22, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.64] as well as an interaction between the factors team and context [ F (3, 144) = 23.40, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.33].

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