Fructose Alters Intermediary Metabolism of Glucose in Human Adipocytes and Diverts Glucose to Serine Oxidation in the One-Carbon Cycle Energy Producing Pathway.

The 2,3,4,5 13 C 4 glutamate (M +4 , four 13 C substitutions, m / z 202 (C2–C5)) fragment reflecting TCA cycle anaplerosis due to the recycling of carbons from 1,2 13 C 2 glucose [ 25 ], demonstrated an increasing trend reaching significance at the higher concentrations of fructose, 7.5 and 10 mM ( Figure 1 E).

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The M +1 (one 13 C substitution, m / z 199 (C2–C5)) fragment which indicates lactate and pyruvate cycling and turnover (pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity) [ 24 ] ( Figure 1 C), demonstrated a decreasing trend with a slight but significant corresponding decrease in flux at the 10mM fructose concentration.

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