Opposite Effects of Early-Life Competition and Developmental Telomere Attrition on Cognitive Biases in Juvenile European Starlings.

The main effect of treatment was not significant, but there was a marginally non-significant interaction between valence and treatment on latency to probe, that occurred because birds from low-competition nests were faster to probe Near POS cues than birds from high-competition nests (GLMM: B = 0.20 ± 0.10, X 2 (1) = 3.79, p = 0.052; Fig 1B ).Thus, when overall speed is controlled for, as predicted, there is some evidence, albeit marginally non-significant, that birds from small broods had a higher expectation of reward in the face of ambiguous information.

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