Multimodal Advertisement of Pregnancy in Free-Ranging Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata).

Vocal and color signals The probability of emitting estrus calls was associated with reproductive status (LRT: X 2 = 13.33, Δdf = 4, P = 0.001, see Table C in S1 File for further details), decreasing significantly between the pre-conceptive period and the first month of pregnancy (GLMM: z = -3.19, P = 0.001, Fig 2B ), and then increasing again to near significance from the first to the second month of pregnancy (GLMM: z = 1.94, P = 0.052, Fig 2B , see Table D in S1 File for further details).

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There were also no male holding behaviors observed during the first month of pregnancy, but a comparison of the pre-conceptive period versus the second month of pregnancy revealed an effect near to significance (LRT: X 2 = 3.45, Δdf = 3, P = 0.063, see Table C in S1 File for further details), with the probability of observing males performing holding behaviors significantly decreasing during the second month of pregnancy (GLMM: z = -2.00, P = 0.045, see Table D in S1 File for further details).

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