Atypical delayed auditory feedback effect and Lombard effect on speech production in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder.

Although the between-group difference in the Lombard effect measured by the sound pressure level was borderline significant [ t (22) = 2.05, p = 0.05], it became significant [ t (20) = 3.19, p = 0.01] after the removal of the outliers (one ASD participant and one NT participant whose Lombard effect measured by sound pressure level was larger than the cross-subject average Lombard effect measured by sound pressure level plus two standard deviations in each group).

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