An additional limitation of the phenology models used, which may have significant implications for their application to future climate scenarios, is their inability to capture the effect on plant growth and development of the projected increase in CO 2 concentrations: likely to be significant for C 3 crops such as the grapevine [ 74 ].
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Climate Change and Crop Exposure to Adverse Weather: Changes to Frost Risk and Grapevine Flowering Conditions.
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Risk exposure under different climate scenarios The higher temperatures predicted under future climate scenarios and time periods are reflected in projected increases in the seasonal growing degree days measured from 1 st April to 31 st October, with the historic weather record also showing an increasing trend in seasonal GDD since 1961, despite year-on-year variation ( Fig 2 ).