The latest reports show that TLR3 and TLR7 play highly significant roles in the recognition of HCV RNA 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ; TLR3 senses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is an essential intermediate in the HCV replication cycle, and then initiates signaling that activates NF- κ B and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), thereby inducing the synthesis of type I IFN 16 .
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