All these factors are likely to be significant confounders in the relationship between probiotics and NEC: actually, it is well documented that infants fed maternal or donor breast milk have a lower risk of NEC compared to formula-fed infants [ 64 ], and that caesarean delivery is associated with a disruption in gut microbiota [ 65 ].
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Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.
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