The extent of CO 2 leakage through the carboxysomal wall is likely to be significant, even with a low CO 2 permeability coefficient across the carboxysomal wall with its positively charged pores, because of the large CO 2 accumulation factor (two to three orders of magnitude) in the carboxysome lumen relative to the cytosol during photosynthesis ( Eichner et al. , 2015 ).
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