Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies.

For smokers in the second study, among urban men there were highly significant dose-response relationships for mortality from all causes, lung cancer, ischaemic stroke and ischaemic heart disease (each trend p<0·0001), and COPD (trend p=0·0021), but in rural men, the dose-response relationships among smokers (ignoring the non-smokers) were significant only for lung cancer, a disease with little time between symptom onset and death.

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