highly significantp = 1.6 × 10 −4
These outcomes are propelled by the differences between total ventral and dorsal tissue allocation at gastrula stages: comparison of hPSCs transplanted to early versus late gastrula PS revealed a highly significant shift from ventral to dorsal fates as gastrulation progressed (hiPSC: X 2 , p = 1.6 × 10 −4 ; hESC: X 2 , p = 0), as calculated by summing ventral and dorsal fates for all regions (anterior, trunk, posterior).