Analyzing Clustered Data: Why and How to Account for Multiple Observations Nested within a Study Participant?

In this experiment, the pooled linear regression underestimated the variation of the effect (std err = 1.90) and brought to p -value to a borderline significant level ( p = 0.099 compared with p >0.5 for all other models, Table 3 ) The lower p -value obtained from the pooled regression may bias researchers towards thinking an association may exist, when the other models indicate clearly that there is none.

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To investigate an interaction effect, it is not enough to compare the significance levels of the soma size increase in Pten knockdown neurons between the environments, because the difference in soma size experienced by these two groups with Pten knockdown may not be significant.

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