A sociobiological origin of pregnancy failure in domestic dogs.

Removing outlying values from this model also, the difference between bitches housed individually and those maintained within a group remained statistically significant ( Table 3 F); however, only in grouped bitches was there a decreasing trend of the probability of pregnancy failure with the increasing number of bitches (Solution for fixed effects, slope = −0.25, t = −2.86, P = 0.005).

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However, improper timing does not seem to be the major factor in this study, because, rates of successful pregnancy were not related to the number of matings which occurred within any given oestrus ( Table 1 ); in addition, there was a highly significant effect of social environment on the probability of maintaining a pregnancy after returning home from mating elsewhere ( Fig. 1 ).

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