Stress hormone concentration in Rocky Mountain populations of the American pika (Ochotona princeps).

However, after standardizing the response within groups (sexes) as as (where i = individual, s = sex, and μ and σ = mean and standard deviation in baseline GCM), we found a highly significant effect of time using combined data from males and females ( F = 4.337, P = 0.002, n = 62).

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