Adjuvant Effect of Quillaja saponaria Saponin (QSS) on Protective Efficacy and IgM Generation in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) upon Immersion Vaccination.

Int J Mol Sci · 2016 · PMC4813187 · PMID 26950114

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

The fish vaccinated by IP showed the highest antibody (IgM) titers with an increasing trend following the time post-vaccination, while relatively higher antibody titers were also identified in the fish that received immersion immunization in the presence (QSS45 + V) or absence (BI-V) of QSS pretreatment.

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