Response of bird species to forest loss and forest fragmentation in relation to compactness of exurban development When forest loss and forest fragmentation were included as predictor variables in addition to the exurban development measures (i.e., proportion and compactness), forest had a highly significant effect on all forest species modeled and most forest-edge species at the 1-km radius buffer ( Table 3 ).
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Forest birds respond to the spatial pattern of exurban development in the Mid-Atlantic region, USA.
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