While Sri Lanka in recent years has shown a decreasing trend of oral cancers of about 1.9% per year (p < 0.05) in both men and women [21] , Taiwan [22] and Pakistan [19] have consistently showed increasing trends in both men and women.
The APC model analyses among women aged 25–74 in Mumbai ( Table 3 ) indicated borderline significant (p = 0.06) negative period effects but no cohort effects.
However, both period and birth cohort graphs for women indicated an increasing trend in younger women (aged 25–49) ( Fig. 2 ) with period effects stronger than the cohort effects ( Table 3 ).