Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks.

In each of the three analyses, there was a negative, highly significant correlation between salmon stock development and watermill development (Period 1260–1940: declining stocks for periods without data: r = −0.813 and P < 0.0001; Period 1260–1940: constant stocks for periods without data: r = −0.828 and P < 0.0001; Period 1550–1940: declining stocks for periods without data: r = −0.903 and P < 0.0001).

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