highly significantp < 0.001
In addition to the highly significant main effects of all four factors (species, mycorrhization, competition, and parasitism scale) on biomass ( p < 0.001; Table 3 ), significant interactions were found for all factor combinations ( p < 0.05), except for “species × mycorrhization × competition,” “species × competition × parasitism scale,” “mycorrhiza × competition × parasitism scale,” and the combination of all four factors (Table 3 ).