highly significantP < 0.001
Similarly to IL-6, highly significant differences in the concentration of TNF-α were observed among both astrocytes (K-W test: χ 2 = 66.28, df = 5, P < 0.001; Fig. 4c , black bars) and microglia (K-W test: χ 2 = 46.78, df = 5, P < 0.001; Fig. 4c , grey bars) cultures to which different treatments were applied.