Nevertheless, significant reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.01 and <0.05, respectively), and borderline significant improvements in BMI and heart rate (p=0.07 and p=0.08, respectively), were seen in study 3.
Interestingly, parameters for which studies 2 and 3 did not achieve significance included body mass and waist circumference; this ability of studies 2 and 3 to achieve CVD risk-lowering benefits without impacting on body mass/waist circumference may be of interest in itself, due to the widespread focus on weight loss as a motivating factor with regard to promoting engagement in physical activity initiatives. 32 It should be noted that study 1 involved continuously monitored sessions that took place under the constant supervision of researchers.