Climate, intrinsic water-use efficiency and tree growth over the past 150 years in humid subtropical China.

An increasing trend in δ 13 C p was observed over the first 20 years of the chronology from 1844 to 1864, which may be caused by the “juvenile effect” ( Fig 5a ).

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Human activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation, referred to as “Suess effect”, have resulted in significantly decreasing trend in δ 13 C of atmosphere, leading to a decreasing trend in δ 13 C p since the industrial era [ 2 , 51 , 52 ].

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The c i calculated from tree-ring δ 13 C ranged from 151.5 ppm in 1875 to 209.2 ppm in 2010, showing a slightly increasing trend than c a ( Fig 7a ).

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