Cholesterol crystals enhance TLR2- and TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine responses of monocytes to the proatherogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Results Monocyte cytokine responses to CHCs While examining the ability of CHCs to stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by unprimed human monocytes, we observed significant secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 ( Fig 1A–1C ), and a statistical trend towards IL-8 secretion ( Fig 1E ).

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