Overall, therefore, dN is clearly higher in the Y copies of genes 3 and 4, but its mutation rate is not higher, since X-Y differences in dS are nonsignificant; combining the probabilities from the likelihood ratio (LR) tests for these two genes, the dN / dS difference between Y and X is highly significant (χ 2 = 11.7, with 4 degrees of freedom).
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A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants.
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