Mapping Patterns and Trends in the Spatial Availability of Alcohol Using Low-Level Geographic Data: A Case Study in England 2003-2013.

For all outlet types, deprivation is a highly significant ( p < 0.0001) predictor of both baseline outlet density and of changes in density over time.

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This may be significant in the context of the Licensing Act (2003) which introduced late night and extended licenses, leading to greater temporal availability across the country, although there is some evidence to suggest that the impact of this legislation on public health and disorder may have been to temporally displace rather than increase alcohol-related harm [ 41 , 42 ].

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