New sedimentary evidence reveals a unique history of C₄ biomass in continental East Asia since the early Miocene.

Although fluctuating, an overall trend of declining (increasingly negative) values is evident, from the earliest parts of the record (~19 Ma) to the mid Quaternary, with three zones of relatively high (less negative) δ 13 C Alk values dating to around the early Miocene (18–19 Ma), late mid Miocene (11.5–12.5 Ma), and middle and later part of the late Miocene (~7.5–5.2 Ma). δ 13 C Alk values peak (least negative) after ~1 Ma, especially from 0.4 Ma.

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