In the current review, cohort studies that incorporated a time component into the analysis and reported hazard ratios, demonstrated a significant increase in the risk of HCV infection for NEP users; whereas, the lone case–control study [ 40 ] that reported an odds ratio demonstrated a highly significant preventative effect from NEP use.
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Needle exchange programs for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
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