Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects.

40 Despite this, a recent article suggested particular translational implications for IL-1β, 44 supported by an extremely significant effect of elevated IL-1β ribonucleic acid predicting a poor response to antidepressants; 45 other findings above pertain to circulating blood-derived cytokines.

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77 However, the lack of adjustment for BMI in previous examinations of inflammation and depression appears to confound highly significant differences reported between these groups. 41 Enlarged adipose tissue has been definitively demonstrated to stimulate cytokine production as well as being closely linked to metabolic markers. 142 Because psychotropic medications may be associated with weight gain and a higher BMI, and these have been associated with treatment resistance in depression, this is an important area to examine.

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