The latter effect is highly significant because down-regulation of the Glut4 protein specifically in adipocytes leads to systemic insulin resistance ( Abel et al. , 2001 ; Herman et al. , 2012 ), whereas even a moderate increase in Glut4 levels improves insulin sensitivity ( Atkinson et al. , 2013 ).
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Sortilin and retromer mediate retrograde transport of Glut4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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