Evidence for arrogance: On the relative importance of expertise, outcome, and manner.

PLoS One · 2017 · PMC5500344 · PMID 28683114

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hedged sentence

0.0800

closest p · 1.6× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = .08so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Planned contrasts showed that when the advisee’s behavior was rude, it was judged as more arrogant (M = 5.33) than when it was either neutral (M = 3.64) or polite (M = 3.23), p < .0001; the difference between the neutral and polite forms of behavior was marginally significant, p = .08.

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