Characterization of throat microbial flora in smokers with or without COPD.

First, no female subjects were enrolled because COPD patients in China are almost exclusively males; second, follow-up of the population has not been conducted; third, samples from the lower respiratory tracts were not collected; Fourth, the rarefaction curves still showed an increasing trend, suggesting that sequencing depth was still not enough.

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Notes: Inverse Simpson ( A ) and Shannon ( B ) index showed a decreasing trend in COPD patients than controls but no observed difference between group 1 and group 2.

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