Microbiome analysis and confocal microscopy of used kitchen sponges reveal massive colonization by Acinetobacter, Moraxella and Chryseobacterium species.

The Shannon–Weaver diversity index was very variable between samples and ranged from 0.93 to 5.07; the different sponges showed highly significant differences (ANOVA F 13, 14 = 7.03, p < 0.001; partial-η 2 = 0.87; 1-β = 0.999) (Fig. 3A ), whereas no additional factor significantly affected the alpha–diversity of the sponge microbiome ( p > 0.1).

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