Spontaneous mutation rate is a plastic trait associated with population density across domains of life.

Nonetheless, the association between D and mutation rate is similar and highly significant with or without these data (−0.68 [−0.80 to −0.56 CI] versus −0.68 [−0.79 to −0.56 CI] in E . coli and, on average, −0.65 [−0.79 to −0.52 CI] versus −0.48 [−0.63 to −0.33] in S . cerevisiae ), refuting hypothesis 2—that the negative association between population density and mutation rate in Fig 1 is caused by reporting bias.

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